Instant ticket redundancy via multi-chromatic indicia

ABSTRACT

A redundantly printed security-enhanced document, printing method and system ensure the meaning of the information imparted by variable indicia printed by redundant printing on the document with removable scratch-off coatings. By printing the variable indicia with multiple colors, redundancy and integrity of the intended indicia is achieved. Additionally, inverted color indicia countermeasures to pinprick attacks are also disclosed. The redundantly printed document, methods and systems enhance the overall appearance of the redundantly printed document, and reduce possible consequences resulting from misprinted variable indicia. The resultant printed process color indicia maintains a grayscale equivalent level of a process color greater than or equal to the measured grayscale equivalent level of the substrate surface plus an additional contrast delta of 15%.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/537,958, filed on Aug. 12, 2019, which is a continuation of copendingU.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/250,510 filed Jan. 17, 2019, whichin turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/792,898 filed Oct. 25, 2017, which, in turn, is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/152,817filed May 12, 2016, and which claims the benefit of U.S. PatentApplication No. 62/243,384 filed Oct. 19, 2015. The disclosures of eachof these applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to documents, such as lotterytickets, having indicia under a Scratch-Off-Coating (SOC), and moreparticularly to methods for enhancing the redundancy of the documentswhile adding to the aesthetics of the documents.

BACKGROUND

Lottery scratch-off or instant games have become a time-honored methodof raising revenue for state and federal governments the world over.Indeed, the concept of hiding indicia information under a SOC has alsobeen applied to numerous other products such as commercial contests,telephone card account numbers, gift cards, etc. Literally, billions ofscratch-off products are printed every year where theScratch-Off-Coatings (SOCs) are used to ensure that the product has notbeen previously used, played, or modified.

Typically, the indicia are printed using a specialized high-speed inkjet printer or imager with a water-soluble dye. Normally, the indiciaare monochromatic black or in some cases red in color, but in all caseseach type of indicia is imaged as a discrete spot color.

This use of single spot color indicia imaging has repeatedly proven tobe problematic with traditional spot color inkjet heads partiallyclogging, such that a portion of the indicia prints while other portionsdo not. For example, in January 2015, a Roswell, N. Mex. lottery playerbelieved he won over $500,000 in an instant ticket key number matchgame. The lottery player believed that he was holding a winning ticket100 (FIG. 1) because the key number match indicia was “1” and thelottery ticket misprint, due to clogged inkjet, made the intendedindicia numbers of “18” and “13” to appeared to be two occurrences (101and 102) of the winning key match number “1” (i.e., two $250,000winners) with the intended second indicia digits barely appearing (101and 102) on the ticket 100. A similar $500,000 misprint due to cloggedinkjet heads occurred with the Florida Lottery (FIG. 2—110) with theticket holders filing a lawsuit against the lottery after they were toldtheir apparent winning ticket was a misprint. Again, in the case of theFlorida Lottery, the misprinted ticket 110 displayed misprinted keymatch indicia 111, which when matched to game indicia 112 readilyappeared to be a $500,000 winner. Indeed, there are many otherdocumented cases (e.g., Wisconsin Lottery apparent $1,000 winningticket) of instant ticket misprints due to clogged inkjet imager headswith some news media and attorneys claiming that the lottery or theticket manufacturer should be forced to pay for the apparent misprintedprize value.

Some attempts to mitigate the problem of clogged lottery inkjetmisprints have been attempted with the incorporation of detailed legaldisclaimers, abbreviated captions of indicia, and the development ofelaborate automated press monitoring systems—e.g., U.S. Pat. No.7,665,400 (Duke). However, legal disclaimers do nothing to mitigate badpress resulting from misprinted lottery tickets and so far have notstopped lawsuits. Additionally, most players do not notice any indiciacaptions due to small size and abbreviated spelling—see FIG. 3magnification of Florida ticket 110′ misprinted key match indicia 113and associated caption 114. Automated press monitoring systems, whilecommendable in theory, have in practice proved to be both expensive andunreliable—e.g., the previously cited New Mexico Lottery misprintedticket 100 of FIG. 1 and Florida Lottery misprinted ticket 110 of FIG. 2were both printed with the support of an automatic press monitoringsystem as disclosed in the cited Duke patent.

To date, some state jurisdictions have attempted to pass legislationforcing lotteries or their ticket providers to pay out apparent prizeson misprinted tickets with comments like: “That's a real problem becausepeople are throwing away tickets all the time that could very well bewinning tickets if these misprints are out there . . . ” It is thereforehighly desirable to develop techniques and methodologies for ensuringthe redundancy and integrity of scratch-off ticket indicia. Ideally,these redundancy mechanisms would also provide added security againstpin-prick attacks of instant tickets where a nefarious person attemptsto identify winning indicia via a series of small holes on the SOC suchthat the attacked ticket still appears to be intact and unplayed to theuntrained eye. Particularly, these redundancy and security techniquesshould enhance the aesthetics of the ticket or document rather thandetracting from its appearance. The present invention essentiallyeliminates or solves problems of misprints or tampered tickets or otherdocuments.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention relates to a redundantly printedsecurity-enhanced document comprising a substrate and at least twodifferent printed variable indicia directly or indirectly on thesubstrate having a general area, the at least two different printedvariable indicia having at least first printed variable indicia printedin the same general area of the substrate as at least second printedvariable indicia, the at least first printed variable indicia and the atleast second printed variable indicia being present so as to overlapwith or be registered so closely together such that failure of theprinting of one or more portions of either or any of the at least twoprinted variable indicia does not alter a meaning of informationrepresented by variable indicia on the redundantly printedsecurity-enhanced document.

The at least first printed variable indicia and the at least secondprinted variable indicia are printed in different colors, such as orpreferably in two or four different colors. The colors can be processcolors.

One of the at least first printed variable indicia and the at leastsecond printed variable indicia at least partially can comprise numeralsand wherein another of the at least first printed variable indicia andthe at least second printed variable indicia at least partially cancomprise words.

One of the at least first printed variable indicia and the at leastsecond printed variable indicia at least can comprise drawings orphotographs.

Another aspect of the present invention is a method of making aredundantly printed security-enhanced document comprising a substratehaving a general area and at least two different printed variableindicia directly or indirectly on the substrate, the method comprisingprinting directly or indirectly on the substrate at least first printedvariable indicia and at least second printed variable indicia in thesame general area of the substrate, and during the printing, registeringand maintaining registration of the at least first printed variableindicia and the at least second printed variable indicia so as tooverlap with or be registered so closely together such that failure ofthe printing of one or more portions of either or any of the at leasttwo printed variable indicia does not alter a meaning of informationrepresented by variable indicia on the redundantly printedsecurity-enhanced document. The method can print the variable indicia toproduce the redundantly printed enhanced-security document having thefeatures set forth above.

In a specific embodiment to this method aspect of the present invention,a contrast delta (i.e., difference or change) between the grayscaleequivalent of the underlying substrate and the grayscale equivalent ofthe at least two printed variable indicia is established to ensure thelegibility and consequently the meaning of information represented bythe variable indicia in the event that the printing of one or moreportions of either or any of the at least two printed variable indiciummalfunctions. This specific embodiment thereby compensates for opticalnoise variances introduced by less than optimal underlying substratediscoloration and/or low contrast.

A third aspect of the present invention relates to a redundantly printedsecurity-enhanced document comprising:

a substrate and at least two different printed variable indicia directlyor indirectly on the substrate having a general area, the variableindicia being imaged indicia which provide variable informationregarding the document, the at least two different printed variableindicia having at least one component color in the same general area ofthe substrate as at least second printed variable indicia printed of adifferent component color, the at least first printed variable indiciacomponent color and the at least second printed variable indiciadifferent component color being present so as to be printed in registerto produce resulting redundant process color indicia;

at least one component color variable indicium has a grayscaleequivalent level greater than a predetermined minimum threshold; and

the at least one process color variable indicium being comprised of acombination of component colors, each of at least two of the componentcolor or combination of component color variable indicia exhibit agrayscale equivalent level greater than the predetermined minimumthreshold;

such that the failure of the printing of one portion of either or any ofthe at least two of the component colors of the printed variable indiciadoes not alter a meaning of the information of the document representedby the variable indicia on the redundantly printed security-enhanceddocument.

The redundantly printed security-enhanced document of the third aspect,wherein the predetermined minimum threshold is expressed as a grayscalepercentile equivalent, where a value of 0% denotes paper white (no ink)and 100% a solid black (full ink), preferably 25%.

The redundantly printed security-enhanced document of the third aspect,wherein the minimum threshold grayscale equivalent level indicia isadjusted to compensate for substrate color or shading.

The redundantly printed security-enhanced document of the third aspect,wherein each of the at least first printed variable indicia and the atleast second printed variable indicia are four colors.

The redundantly printed security-enhanced document of the third aspect,wherein the information regards an intended value of the document.

A fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a method of printinga redundantly printed security-enhanced document comprising a substrateand at least two different printed variable indicia directly orindirectly on the substrate having a general area, the variable indiciabeing imaged indicia which provide variable information regarding thedocument, the at least two different printed variable indicia having atleast one component color in the same general area of the substrate asat least second printed variable indicia printed of a differentcomponent color, the at least first printed variable indicia componentcolor and the at least second printed variable indicia differentcomponent color being present so as to be printed in register to produceresulting redundant process color indicia, the method comprising:

(a) printing each component color with separate physically distinctprint heads;

(b) ensuring that the resultant printed process color indicia maintainsa grayscale equivalent level of a process color greater than apredetermined minimum threshold; and

(c) ensuring that each of the at least two separate component colors orcombination of component colors of the printed variable indicia exhibita grayscale equivalent level greater than the predetermined minimumthreshold;

such that, the failure of the printing of one portion of either or anyof the at least two printed component colors of the variable indiciadoes not alter a meaning of information of the document represented bythe variable indicia on the redundantly printed security-enhanceddocument.

The method of the fourth aspect, wherein the predetermined minimumthreshold is expressed as a grayscale percentile equivalent where avalue of 0% denotes paper white (no ink) and 100% a solid black (fullink).

The method of the immediately preceding aspect, further comprisingprinting the minimum threshold grayscale percentile equivalent levelindicia to be 25%.

The method of the fourth aspect, further comprising printing the minimumthreshold grayscale equivalent level indicia to compensate for substratecolor or shading.

The method of the third aspect, further comprising printing each of theat least first printed variable indicia and the at least second printedvariable indicia in four colors.

The method of the fourth aspect, wherein the information regards anintended value of the document.

Objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in thefollowing description, or may be apparent from the present description,or may be learned through practice of the invention.

In accordance with aspects of the invention, a security-enhanceddocument with a removable SOC is produced, which may be an instantlottery ticket in certain embodiments. The document includes anyvariable imaged indicium that determines if the document wins anyprize(s) or contains data that is otherwise secure under the SOC. Thus,as used herein, “ticket” or “instant lottery ticket” includes bothlottery tickets and other types of security enhanced documents usingscratch-off coatings.

In a first embodiment, the variable indicia are imaged using all or someof the standard CMYK (i.e., Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and blacK) processcolors. In this embodiment, redundancy is achieved via multiple inkapplications due to the serial application of the individual CMYKprocess colors.

In another embodiment, the variable indicia itself is imaged in onecolor with at least one secondary color providing a written descriptionof the indicia in the background. Like the first embodiment, thisembodiment achieves redundancy via multiple ink applications. In thisparticular embodiment, the indicia and background colors do notnecessarily have to be CMYK.

In still another embodiment, the variable indicia are imaged utilizingpatterns of multiple colors. Again, redundancy is achieved via multipleink applications.

In yet another embodiment, the variable indicia are imaged with aninverted background color with redundancy achieved via the invertedforeground and background different colors. As used herein, “inverted”colored indicia in the foreground or background of a printed substrateuses a light-colored background with dark-colored foreground or viceversa, or uses different contrasting colors, or uses complementarycolors or otherwise different colors for the background and foreground,such that the color indicia in both the foreground and background arevisible and legible. This embodiment also has the advantage of creatingconfusion coloration as a countermeasure to pin pricking attacks.

In still another embodiment, process color redundancy is ensured bydigitally converting process colors to grayscale to determine if theprocess color is above a minimum threshold of grey. This ensures thediscernibility of the variable indicia imaged with an intended processcolor, as well as the discernibility of a process color with one or morecomponent colors missing due to a failure to print. With thisembodiment, two or more individual component colors combined to producean overall process color are evaluated for each individual componentcolor's contribution to the overall process color grayscale level. Thus,where the failure of at least one component color to print causes theresulting defective process color to fall below the minimum threshold ofgray, process colors are identified and eliminated from the pool ofinherently redundant process colors.

In all of these embodiments, the variable indicia and their backgroundare composed of at least two separate colors. The essential concept ofthe invention is to provide imaging redundancy since different colorsrequire different ink applications with the different ink applicationsproviding redundancy due to different ink hardware, ink, etc. for eachcolor.

Described are a number of printing mechanisms and methodologies thatprovide practical details for reliably producing redundant indicia undera SOC that are immune to failure of any one high speed variable inkapplication system. Although the examples provided herein are primarilyrelated to instant tickets, it is clear that the same methods areapplicable to any type of document (e.g., telephone card, prepaid cards,vouchers, bank security instruments, coupons, etc.) where information isprotected by a SOC.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 is an exemplary view of an actual prior art ticket from the NewMexico Lottery that falsely appeared to be a $500,000 winner due toclogged inkjet heads using monochromatic color;

FIG. 2 is a second exemplary view of an actual prior art ticket from theFlorida Lottery that falsely appeared to be a $500,000 winner due toclogged inkjet heads using monochromatic color;

FIG. 3 is a detailed view of the prior art Florida Lottery misprintedticket of FIG. 2 highlighting the misprint and the associatedabbreviated caption;

FIG. 4A is a front elevation view of a first representative example ofmodified lottery-type instant ticket indicia comprised of multiple(i.e., CMYK) ink applications of at least two different colors forredundancy;

FIG. 4B is a front elevation view of representative examples oflottery-type instant ticket indicia comprised of either black, yellow,cyan, or magenta single ink applications (from top to bottom) with theircorresponding gray scale equivalence;

FIGS. 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F are front elevation views of submatrices thatcollectively illustrate a prior art representative example of a matrixof process colors, each color comprised of at least one component ofCMYK;

FIG. 4G is a front elevation view of the representative example matrixof process colors of FIGS. 4C-4F wherein inherently non-redundantprocess colors are highlighted;

FIG. 4H is a front elevation view of the representative example matrixof process colors of FIGS. 4C-4F wherein inherently redundant processcolors are highlighted;

FIG. 4I is a front elevation view of column two of the representativeexample matrix of process colors of FIGS. 4C-4F highlighting processcolor redundancy with respect to background substrate color;

FIG. 4J is a front elevation view of representative examples oflottery-type instant ticket indicia with varying gray scale equivalence;

FIG. 4K is a front elevation view of a portion of the representativeexamples of lottery-type instant ticket indicia of FIG. 4J overlaid ontop of substrates of varying gray scale equivalence;

FIG. 5 is a front elevation view of a second representative example ofmodified lottery-type instant ticket indicia comprised of primaryindicia with secondary indicia background including at least oneadditional color;

FIG. 6 is a front elevation view of a third representative example ofmodified lottery-type instant ticket indicia comprised of dual indiciabackground colors with the primary indicia defined by the absence of anink film;

FIG. 7 is a front elevation view of a fourth representative example ofmodified lottery-type instant ticket indicia comprised of at least twomicro-patterned colors;

FIG. 8 is a front elevation view of a fifth representative example of amodified lottery-type instant ticket indicia comprised of invertedprimary and background indicia colors;

FIG. 9 is a schematic front isometric view of an exemplary embodiment ofan inline redundant digital imagers capable of printing the exemplaryredundant instant ticket variable indicia of FIG. 4 through FIG. 8; and,

FIG. 10 is a schematic front isometric view of an exemplary embodimentof multiple digital imagers sharing a common offset drum capable ofproducing the redundant instant ticket variable indicia of FIG. 4through FIG. 8.

FIG. 11 shows examples of variable indicium.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, the words “image” or “print’ are used equivalently andmean that whatever indicium or indicia is or are created directly orindirectly on any substrate may be done by any known imaging or printingmethod or equipment. Likewise, “imaging” or “printing” describing amethod and “imaged” or “printed” describing the resulting indicium orindicia are used equivalently and correspondingly to “image” or “print.”

Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to betaken as a limitation on the present invention. The words “a” and “an”,as used in the claims and in the corresponding portions of thespecification, mean “at least one.” The terms “scratch-off game piece”or other “scratch-off document,” hereinafter is referred to generally asan “instant ticket” or simply “ticket.” Additionally, the terms“full-color” and “process color” are also used interchangeablythroughout the specification as terms of convenience for producing avariety of colors by discrete combinations of applications of pigmentedprimary inks or dyes “CMYK” (i.e., Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and blacK), orin some cases six colors (e.g., Hexachrome printing process uses CMYKinks plus Orange and Green inks), or alternatively eight colors—e.g.,CMYK plus lighter shades of cyan (LC), magenta (LM), yellow (LY), andblack (YK). The term “composite color” refers to two or more of theindividual colors used to comprise an overall “process color” with theterm “component color” referring to one individual color that is usedwith at least one other component color to create a combined “composite”or “process” color. Also, as used herein, the terms “multi” or“multiple” or similar terms means at least two, and may also mean three,four, or more, for example, unless otherwise indicated in the context ofthe use of the terms. Finally, “variable” indicium or indicia refers toimaged indicia which indicates information relating a property, such as,without limit, a value of the document, for example, without limit, alottery ticket, coupon, commercial game piece or the like, where thevariable indicium or indicia is or are ultimately hidden by a SOC untilthe information or value is authorized to be seen, such as by apurchaser of the document who scratches off the SOC, revealing thevariable indicium or indicia. Examples of variable indicium as a printedembodiment include: letters, numbers, icons or figures—e.g., “$”, cardface, billiards ball, card symbols, and the like. Symbols for thebilliards ball and card symbols are shown in FIG. 11.

Reference will now be made in detail to examples of the invention, oneor more embodiments of which are illustrated in the drawings. Eachexample is provided by way of explanation of the invention, and notmeant as a limitation of the invention. For example, featuresillustrated or described as part of one embodiment, may be used withanother embodiment to yield still a further embodiment. The presentinvention encompasses these and other modifications and variations ascome within the scope and spirit of the invention.

FIG. 4 depicts a first representative example of modified lottery-typeinstant ticket indicia 125 comprised of multiple (e.g., four—CMYK) inkapplications overlaying the same image for redundancy. To betterillustrate the concept of multi-application printing, redundancy indicia125 include four simulated color misprints—127 through 130. Thecorrectly printed portions 126, namely the decimal point and left halfof the units place “0” and “5” numerals as well as the left half of thedollar sign “$”, of indicia 125 illustrate how the indicia would appearwith no misprints. The misprints illustrated in indicia 125 are: theright half of the “$” symbol 127 missing the cyan ink application, theright half of the “5” numeral 128 missing the magenta ink application,the tens place “0” numeral 129 completely missing the yellow inkapplication, and the right half of the units place “0” numeral 130missing the black ink application. As is readily apparent in theredundant variable indicia 125 of FIG. 4, the absence of any one of theCMYK process colors still leaves indicia 125 easily readable in itsintended form. In fact, it is somewhat difficult for one not skilled inthe art to detect any failure of ink applications in indicia 125. Thus,the redundant printing of all of the CMYK colors alleviates anyreasonable misinterpretation of the information conveyed by the variableindicia 125, namely a value of $5.00.

Multi-color indicia redundancy can be achieved with fewer colors, solong as at least two colors are applied to each indicium. The at leasttwo redundant colors can be various spot colors and need not comprisethe standard CMYK process colors. However, this is not to imply that allprocess color combinations of at least two or more colors are inherentlyredundant. As its name implies, “redundant indicia” comprised of processcolors must remain legible in the event that any one color fails toprint (e.g., due to one or more clogged inkjet nozzles), therebyprotecting against catastrophic misinterpretations as illustrated inprior art FIGS. 1 through 3. Thus, to be truly redundant, each componentcolor comprising a combined process color indicium should be analyzed todetermine if each component color retains sufficient legibility toconvey the intended information in the indicium in the event of afailure of at least one other color to print occurs.

By converting each component color to its grayscale equivalent, in whichthe value of each pixel is a single sample (i.e., carries only intensityinformation), a relative analytic can be determined that can effectivelyprovide a minimum threshold of legibility of each component color'scontribution to the process color's indicium redundancy. While there aremultiple known methods to provide a metric for gray scale equivalence,when determining minimal threshold values for each component color'scontribution to a theoretical redundant indicium process color, theknown printing convention of employing percentages (i.e., a scale of 0%to 100% line screen) is preferred. While the percentage range of thismethodology encompasses a total of only 101 intensities, which areinsufficient to represent a broad gradient of grays, the range isnevertheless sufficient to reliably identify thresholds for minimumlegibility of each contribution component color for most circumstances.Also, the intuitive nature of percentile notation is commonly used inprinting to denote how much ink is employed in halftoning and is therebya familiar standard for most printers. It should also be noted that thecommon printing percentile notation approach scale is reversed (to mostother systems of grayscale measurement) in that a value of 0% denotespaper white (no ink) and 100% a solid black (full ink). Thus, thegrayscale equivalence metric correlates directly with screen line levelsof black ink (e.g., 25% black line screen equates to 25% grayscaleequivalent), but not necessarily other colors (e.g., 100% line screen ofyellow equates to only 12% grayscale equivalent). Of course, as would beapparent to one skilled in the art in view of this disclosure, there areother methods of grayscale numerical representation (e.g., rationalnumbers, binary quantized values) that may be more desirable in somecircumstances.

With the preferred embodiment of printing percentile notation todetermine minimum thresholds of redundancy, as a general rule in orderto ensure redundancy, two or more component colors need to combine insuch a way that should a portion of any color fail to print theremaining color(s) need to contribute or combine to exhibit a minimum25% grayscale equivalent over the entire process color indicium. Itshould be noted, that this 25% minimum grayscale threshold is bothconservative and somewhat of an arbitrary level with actual legibilityvarying due to multiple reasons—e.g., background (i.e., substrate)color, lighting, eyesight, indicium design (e.g., alphanumeric fontchoice, icon or figure design), substrate smoothness, print quality.However, as a general rule the 25% minimum grayscale redundancythreshold provides a conservative value that ensures process colorindicium redundancy under most circumstances.

FIG. 4B provides a front elevation view 400 of four representativeexamples of lottery-type instant ticket indicia 401, 404, 406, and 410comprised of either black, yellow, cyan, or magenta single(monochromatic) ink applications of varying line screens with theircorresponding grayscale equivalence in percentile notation. Indicium 401is illustrated exclusively with black ink at 100% line screen. However,to prevent ink from bleeding or running, solid black ink is typicallyapplied with a 50% line screen as shown for indicium 402, resulting in a50% grayscale. If this image is further reduced to 25% grayscale as inindicium 403, it can be seen that the resulting printed indicium is atthe threshold of becoming difficult to discern under some circumstances.Again, with black ink the line screen and grayscale percentages areequivalent.

However, with other component process colors (e.g., “C”, or “M”, or“Y”), there is not necessarily a one-to-one correlation between linescreen and grayscale, hence the printed color indicium must be digitallyconverted to grayscale via any of multiple commercial image processingsoftware programs (e.g., Adobe Photoshop) to determine a grayscaleequivalence percentile. For example, 100% yellow line screen 404 willonly produce a 12% grayscale equivalence percentile (i.e., less than thepreferred 25% grayscale), thereby indicating that yellow cannot beutilized as a redundant component color—i.e., while yellow is acceptableto use as a component color in redundant process color indicia, itcannot by itself impart redundancy and therefore all process colors thatare comprised of yellow and one other color are not redundant. Incontrast, 100% line screen cyan 406 and magenta 410 convert to 74%(indicium 407) and 81% (indicium 411) grayscale equivalencerespectively, thus indicating that cyan and magenta can be utilized asredundant component colors under some circumstances. However, cyan 408applied with a line screen of 40% and magenta 412 applied with a linescreen of 35% both convert to the minimum grayscale equivalent thresholdof 25% (indicia 409 and 413, respectively), thereby indicating that cyanand magenta cannot be utilized as a redundant component color belowthese line screen values.

FIGS. 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F are front elevation views of 5×5 submatrices420 a, 420 b, 420 c, and 420 d, respectively, that collectivelyillustrate a prior art representative example of a 10×10 matrix 420 ofprocess colors with each color comprised of at least one component ofCMYK. As shown in FIGS. 4C-4F, the matrix 420 is arranged inalphabetically assigned rows 421 (“A” through “J”) by numerical columns(“1” through “10”), with each cell in the matrix 420 illustrating adifferent process color. The line screen percentage of each CMYKcomponent color necessary to generate the process color of a given cellis provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 FIGS. 4C-4F Prior Art Component Color Breakdown Row Color 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 A C  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% 40% 40% 20% 20%  20% M  0%  0% 0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% Y  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% 0% K 100% 90% 80%  70%  60%  0%  0% 20% 60%  80% B C  0%  0%  0%  0% 0% 40% 60% 40% 60%  60% M  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% Y  0% 0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% 20% 40%  60% K  50%  40% 30%  20%  10% 60% 40%20% 20%  20% C C  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% 40% 60% 40% 60%  60% M  0%  0%  0% 0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% Y  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% 20% 40%  60% K 50%  40% 30%  20%  10% 60% 40% 20% 20%  20% D C  0%  0% 20%  0%  0% 20%20% 20% 20%  40% M 100% 100% 80%  60%  40%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% Y 100% 0%  0% 100%  20% 20% 40% 60% 40% 100% K  0%  0% 20%  0%  0% 40% 40% 20%20%  0% E C  0%  20% 40%  60%  60% 20%  0%  0%  0%  0% M  20%  20% 40% 40%  60%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% Y  20%  0%  0%  0%  0% 60% 20% 20% 20% 40% K  60%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% 80% 60% 40%  40% F C  40%  60% 40%  40%100%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% M  40%  40% 40%  20%  20%  0%  0%  0%  0%  20%Y  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% 60% 60% 40% 20%  40% K  20%  40% 60%  40%  0% 20% 0%  0%  0%  40% G C  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% M  40%  20%60%  40%  40% 40% 60% 40% 40%  20% Y  60%  60% 80%  80%  60%  0%  0%  0% 0%  0% K  20%  20%  0%  0%  0% 60% 40%  0% 20%  40% H C  0%  0%  0%  0% 0%  0% 20% 20% 20%  20% M  20%  20% 20%  60%  60% 20% 60% 80% 60%  40%Y 100%  40% 40%  60%  80%  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% K  0%  0% 60%  40%  20%20% 20%  0%  0%  20% I C  0%  0%  0%  0%  0% 20% 20% 20% 40%  40% M  60% 40% 20%  40%  60% 40%  0% 40% 60% 100% Y  60%  40% 20%  20%  40%  0% 0%  0%  0%  0% K  0%  0%  0%  40%  20%  0% 60% 40%  0%  0% J C  0%  0% 0%  0%  0% 40% 60% 40% 60% 100% M  60% 100% 60%  80%  40% 80% 80% 60%80% 100% Y  20%  60% 40%  40%  20%  0%  0%  0%  0% 100% K  20%  0%  0% 0%  20% 20%  0% 40% 20% 100%

FIG. 4G illustrates a copy 425 of the representative color matrix 420 ofFIGS. 4C-4F in five different multiple renderings (matrices 426, 428,429, 430, and 431) with each rendering highlighting a subset of theunacceptable colors for redundant process color indicium imaging.Rendering 426 highlights the process colors that fall below thepreferred general rule threshold of 25% grayscale equivalence even whenall component colors print as intended—e.g., cell “C9” (427) “GhostGreen” comprised of 20% cyan, 0% magenta, 20% yellow, and 0% black.Matrix rendering 428 highlights the process colors that fall below thepreferred general rule threshold of 25% grayscale when the cyancomponent color fails to print in addition to the unacceptable processcolors of 426—e.g., cell “E2” “Powder Blue” comprised of 20% cyan, 20%magenta, 0% yellow, and 0% black. Matrix rendering 429 highlights theprocess colors that fall below the preferred general rule threshold of25% grayscale when the magenta component color fails to print inaddition to the unacceptable process colors of 426—e.g., cell “D4”“Orange” comprised of 0% cyan, 60% magenta, 100% yellow, and 0% black.Matrix rendering 430 highlights the process colors that fall below thepreferred general rule threshold of 25% grayscale when the yellowcomponent color fails to print in addition to the unacceptable processcolors of 426—e.g., cell “E6” “Moon Green” comprised of 20% cyan, 0%magenta, 60% yellow, and 0% black. Finally, matrix rendering 431highlights the process colors that fall below the preferred general rulethreshold of 25% grayscale when the black component color fails to printin addition to the unacceptable process colors of 426—e.g., cell “H6”“Pale Purple” comprised of 0% cyan, 20% magenta, 0% yellow, and 20%black.

When all of the unacceptable and non-redundant process colors of FIG. 4Gare compounded (i.e., “ORed” together) the matrix rendering 450 of FIG.4H is generated, wherein inherently redundant and acceptable processcolors are highlighted. In matrix rendering 450, the cells of thenon-redundant and unacceptable process colors corresponding to thematrix renderings 426-431 are overwritten in red 451, with theacceptable and redundant process colors illustrated as they would printwith all component colors functional, such as indicated by cell 452.

As previously stated, the preferred general rule threshold of 25%minimum grayscale is conservative and dependent on other factors such asbackground or substrate color. For example, FIG. 4I presents twodetailed breakdowns 475 and 475’ of column “2” of the 10×10 matrix 420of process colors illustrated in FIGS. 4C-4F. With the two detailedbreakdowns (475 and 475’) of FIG. 4I, one breakdown 475 illustrates theprocess colors of column “2” legibility on a white substrate and theother breakdown 475′ emphasizes legibility for the same column “2”process colors as they would appear on a gray substrate. The twobreakdowns 475 and 475′ are identical except the background of 475′ isgray, which is typical of instant scratch-off tickets.

Each breakdown 475 and 475′ provides five sets of column “2” pairs fromthe matrix 420 illustrating both the resulting process color under thespecified condition (e.g., breakdown 476) as well as its grayscaleequivalent (e.g., breakdown 477). The five sets of column “2” pairsshow: (1) each process color in the column printed correctly (i.e.,“CMYK” set in breakdown 476), (2) the process color printed with cyanomitted in breakdown 478, (3) the process color printed with magentaomitted in breakdown 479, (4) the process color printed with yellowomitted in breakdown 480, (5) or the process color printed with blackomitted in breakdown 481. Both breakdowns 475 and 475′ include theinternational symbol for “No” (i.e., “Ø”) highlighting process colorsthat are illegible. With the white background breakdown 475, theinternational symbol for “No” (“Ø”) highlights process colors that fallbelow the preferred general rule threshold of 25% minimum grayscale(e.g., breakdown 482). However, with the grey background breakdown 475′the international symbol for “No” (“Ø”) highlights process colors thatfall below the preferred general rule threshold of 25% minimumgrayscale, as well as other colors that become illegible given the graybackground—e.g., breakdowns 482′ and 483′. Colors in both breakdownswithout the international symbol for “No” (“Ø”) would be consideredlegible and redundant—e.g., breakdown 483. Of course, as previouslydiscussed, there are other factors that could potentially impact theminimum grayscale threshold for redundancy—e.g., lighting, eyesight,indicium design, substrate smoothness, print quality. The significantconcept is to select a minimum grayscale threshold for the game designand its intended use environment for any lottery ticket or othersecurity-enhanced document.

As previously stated, the preferred minimum preferred general rulethreshold of 25% minimum grayscale is conservative and dependent onother factors such as background or substrate color. In a specificembodiment, rather than determine an absolute minimum grayscale valuefor redundantly printed indicia, a method for determining a “contrastdelta” between the grayscale equivalent of the underlying substratesurface and a variable grayscale equivalent of the printed variableindicia to maintain redundancy is established. This specific embodimentthereby compensates for optical noise variances introduced by less thanoptimal underlying substrate surface discoloration and/or low contrastby essentially maintaining a Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio sufficientlygreater than 1:1 to ensure legibility and consequently the meaning ofinformation represented by the variable indicia in the event that theprinting of one or more portions of either or any of the redundantlyprinted variable indicium malfunctions. However, since the reversedprinting percentile notation scale (i.e., a value of 0% denotes purewhite and 100% pure black) is preferred for measuring grayscale, a“contrast delta” (i.e., difference or change) will be preferred, ratherthan a S/N ratio, since the contrast delta is typically more intuitivefor most people to understand and inherently avoids possible calculationdifficulties—e.g., dividing by zero when determining desired grayscaleindicia levels over perfectly white paper (i.e., “0%”).

For example, FIG. 4J is a front elevation view of representativeexamples of lottery-type instant ticket indicia (“$5.00 ”) with grayscale equivalence (484 thru 494) varying from a low 484 of “15%” to ahigh 494 of “25%” in one percentage increments. As shown in the figure,all eleven indicia (484 thru 494) are illustrated printed over a perfectwhite background. Thus, the full range of gray scale equivalence indicia(484 thru 494) are legible under these circumstances.

However, in FIG. 4K six of the representative examples indicia of FIG.4G FIG. 4J are illustrated overlaid on top of three different substratebackgrounds of varying gray scale equivalence from perfect white or “0%”(484′, 485′, 486′, 489′, 492′, and 494′) to “20%” gray (484′″, 485′″,486′″, 489′″, 492′″, and 494′″). When viewed over the ideal perfectwhite background, all six indicia (484′, 485′, 486′, 489′, 492′, and494′) are legible, arguably acceptable for most users and environments.However, when the same six gray scale indicia equivalences are overlaidon gray backgrounds of “10%” (484″, 485″ 486″, 489″, 492″, and 494″),the legibility of the lower three gray scale indicia (484″, 485″, and486″) are questionable at best with only the higher three gray scaleindicia (489″, 492″, and 494″) plausibly acceptable. When the same sixgray scale indicia equivalences are overlaid on gray backgrounds of“20%” (484′″, 485′″ 486′″, 489′″, 492′″, and 494′″), the range ofplausibly acceptable legibility indicia are arguably eliminated.

Thus, from this example, a contrast delta of 15% would be acceptable formost applications. Consequently, a method for determining the minimumacceptable gray scale equivalence to ensure redundantly printed indicia,would be to first measure the average gray scale equivalence of thebackground substrate (i.e., the substrate plus any ink films that aredeposited on the substrate prior to printing the redundant indicia) todetermine the gray scale equivalence substrate noise floor (S_(nf)) andthen simply add the contrast delta of 15% to S_(nf) to determine theminimum gray scale equivalence level to ensure indicia redundancy(I_(r)), or:I _(r) =S _(nf)+15%

The contrast perception of a human will arguably vary dependent onnumerous other conditions (e.g., environmental lighting, indiciumdesign, eyesight of the consumer). However, a contrast delta of 15% doesprovide a baseline for legibility under most conditions. Additionally,incorporating a contrast delta typically negates the effect of substratenoise and consequently provides a variable or floating gray scaleequivalence to ensure redundantly printed indicia.

FIG. 5 illustrates a second embodiment of a modified lottery-typeinstant ticket indicia providing three examples of indicia printingredundancy 150, 160, and 165 via different colors employed for primaryindicia 151, 161, and 166, respectively, with a secondary associatedindicia caption background 152, 162, and 167, respectively, comprised ofat least one additional color. As shown in FIG. 5, the primary variableindicia color indicia 151, 161, and 166 can be a spot (i.e., individual)or processed color with the primary variable indicia 151, 161, and 166varying in darkness or contrast with respect to the secondary variableindicia caption background 152, 162, and 167. This is an example ofredundancy of variable indicia, where the same symbol, numeral, word orletters are not overprinted in the same area, but in the same generalarea containing the variable indicia. As used herein, the term “samegeneral area” means the area of a document to be printed with redundantvariable indicia so that the meaning or information imparted to thedocument by the variable indicia is clear.

Notice that in the embodiments 150, 160, and 165 because of theredundant meaning of the variable indicia, failure of any one color toprint in either the primary (numerical) variable indicia or thesecondary background (caption) variable indicia would not obfuscate theintended meaning of the indicia in a game. When it is realized that thesecondary background (caption) variable indicia 152, 162, 167 is imagedover or under the respective primary variable indicia 151, 161, 166, asis shown in example 165, it becomes apparent that redundancy ismaintained even if either the primary or secondary variable indicia failto print at all. Another advantage of the examples of FIG. 5 is that thecombination of the primary and secondary variable indicia may be easierfor persons with poor eyesight to read and understand the informationimparted by the variable indicia on the ticket. Thus, to maintainredundancy with at least two colors, it is essential that the sameinformation be conveyed with multiple colors or print heads and notutilize multiple colors to convey different information. For example,the prior art illustration of FIG. 1 did incorporate two differentimaging colors with red for the key match numbers 101 and 102 and blackfor the associated values of the key match numbers 101 and 102. However,since the two different colors conveyed different information (i.e., redfor key match numbers and black for associated values) the singlefailure of the red inkjet nozzles to print caused a catastrophicmisinterpretation of the intended (i.e., non-winning) information of themisprinted ticket.

FIG. 6 is another embodiment of modified lottery-type instant ticketindicia 170 with printing redundancy achieved via multiple colors. Asshown in FIG. 6, redundancy is achieved via two different colors;however, with variable indicia 170 the two different colors or shadesthat are readily visible when used together are utilized for thesecondary caption variable indicia 171 (the caption “FIVE”) and abackground color or shade 172 (red) with the primary variable indicia173 (the white “$5.00”) defined by the absence of the background coloror shade 172. As before, a complete or partial failure of either thecaption variable indicia 171 or background color or shade variableindicia 172 would still result in legible overall variable indicia 170even if the inks of the caption variable indicia 171 and backgroundvariable indicia 172 were monochromatic spot colors.

FIG. 7 is yet another embodiment of modified lottery-type instant ticketvariable indicia 180 or 180′ comprised of multiple micro-patternedcolors 181 and 182. FIG. 7 is arranged such that the normal size (i.e.,non-magnified) appearance of variable indicia 180 is shown, in contrastto a magnified example 180′ of the same variable indicia 180. The normalappearance of variable indicia 180 results in an overall grayish color.Only under magnification is it realized that the variable indicia 180′are in fact comprised of red 181 and green 182 colors, here, arranged inadjacent vertical stripes, for example. Again, a partial or completefailure of either red 181 or green 182 colors would still result inlegible indicia. This redundancy is maintained if the red 181 and green182 are spot colors or are process colors—i.e., red (cyan+yellow) andgreen (magenta+yellow).

FIG. 8 is a presently preferred embodiment of modified lottery-typeinstant ticket variable indicia 190 and 195 comprised of invertedprimary foreground variable indicia colors 191 or 196, for exampleshowing the “$5.00” information, and background variable indicia colors192 or 197. As before, a partial or complete failure of either theprimary variable indicia colors 191 or 196 or the background variableindicia colors 192 or 197 would still result in legible overall variableindicia 190 and 195.

The relatively low resolution (240 dpi) of and monochromatic nature ofexisting variable indicia on standard lottery tickets dictates that thefonts for these characters be simple and straightforward so that evenconsumers with poor eyesight can readily differentiate between differentinformation imparted by the variable indicia. This simplisticrepresentation of information reduces the amount of entropy in the imageand therefore makes it possible to more easily identify particularvariable indicia with very little visual information, such thatmicroscopic pinprick patterns (where the SOC would appear to besubstantially intact to the unaided eye) can enable pick-out of illicitwinners, since the pinprick patterns would be more discernible. In thepreferred embodiment of FIG. 8, the inversion of the variable indicia191, 192 and 196, 197 would be pseudo randomly distributed from ticketto ticket such that there is no indication which version (i.e., variableindicia 190 or 195) was imaged on any given unplayed ticket. Thispseudorandom distribution of inverted variable indicia provides acountermeasure to pinprick attempts to discern winning tickets withoutappearing to have the SOC removed. In other words, with the pseudorandomdistribution of inverted images on a ticket, any would-be pinprickattacker would not know if any particular pinhole color revealed was theforeground variable indicia 191 or 196 or the associated invertedbackground variable indicia 192 or 197. This would be true if theprimary foreground variable indicia 191 or 196 and background variableindicia 192 or 197 were spot or processed colors.

One possible press configuration 250 capable of producing the redundantvariable indicia embodiments of FIG. 4 through FIG. 8 is illustrated inFIG. 9. As illustrated in FIG. 9, press configuration 250 shows tworedundant print heads (e.g., inkjet) 253 and 256 inline and registeredon the same web 251 feed. Web 251 is pulled over rollers 252 and 257 toensure correct positioning and registration for the redundant printheads 253 and 256 (respectively) with the web immediately routed throughdriers 254 and 258 after each print head (253 and 256 respectively) toensure the printed variable indicia does not smear before contacting apress roller on the same side of the web. Press configuration 250 isrepresentative of incorporating multicolor redundancy with printedvariable indicia using drop on demand inkjet technology typically usedfor producing instant lottery tickets.

A different press configuration 275 is illustrated in FIG. 10illustrating utilizing multiple print heads 280 to print redundantvariable indicia via an offset printing process. As illustrated in FIG.10, four separate print heads 280 for each of the (CMYK) process colorsapply ink to a rotating photo imaging cylinder 279 where the desiredvariable indicia are initially formed. Also, typically in contact withthe photo imaging cylinder is a photo charging unit 276 that applies acharge to portions of the photo imaging cylinder which correspond toareas desired for the variable indicia. The charged portions of thephoto imaging cylinder 279 attract the ink and form the desired variableindicia pattern on the photo imaging cylinder 279 for each color in asequential process. This variable indicia ink pattern is thentransferred to the blanket cylinder 278 where the process is repeateduntil all colors are transferred to the web substrate 282 via theimpression roller 277 forcing contact of the substrate to the blanketcylinder 278. Thus, redundant variable indicia ink applications areimaged via a common photo imaging cylinder 279 and associated blanketcylinder 278 with no requirements for the web to travel to separateprint heads positioned in different locations in the path of web motion.

Of course, all press configuration embodiments must ensure thatsufficient registration is maintained between multiple ink or dyeapplications such that the redundantly printed variable indicia appearto be one coherent object to the human eye. Thus, it is essential thatregistration be maintained between the various applications of redundantindicia, preferably to between 1 and ½ print dot.

Of course, there are other variations of the disclosed embodiments(e.g., process color indicia images comprised of a balance of at leasttwo different colors, etc.) that would be apparent to anyone skilled inthe art in view of the present disclosure, and would be within theparameters of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A redundantly printed security-enhanced documentcomprising: a substrate having a surface; printed variable indicia thatprovides variable information regarding the document, the printedvariable indicia comprising first variable indicia and second variableindicia that are printed on a common area of the substrate surface, theat least first variable indicia comprising a first component color, thesecond variable indicia comprising a second component color, each of thefirst and second component colors having a grayscale equivalent levelgreater than or equal to a measured grayscale equivalent level of thesubstrate surface plus an additional contrast delta of 15%, the firstand second component colors being present so as to be printed inregister to produce a common process color indicia, the common processcolor indicia having a grayscale equivalent level greater than or equalto the measured grayscale equivalent level of the substrate surface plusan additional contrast delta of 15%, such that the failure of theprinting of any one of the component colors on the common area does notalter a meaning of the information represented by the printed variableindicia on the redundantly printed security-enhanced document.
 2. Thedocument of claim 1, wherein the first variable indicia and the secondvariable indicia comprise two component colors.
 3. The document of claim1, wherein the variable information regarding the document comprises anintended value of the document.
 4. The document of claim 1, wherein thecommon process color indicia comprises an alpha-numeric character. 5.The document of claim 1, wherein the common process color indiciacomprises an icon or figure.
 6. The document of claim 1, wherein thefirst variable indicia is different from the second variable indicia. 7.The document of claim 6, wherein the first variable indicia comprises anumeric value.
 8. The document of claim 7, wherein the second variableindicia comprises letters representing the numeric value.
 9. Thedocument of claim 1, wherein the first variable indicia is the same asthe second variable indicia.
 10. The document of claim 1, wherein thefirst variable indicia and the second variable indicia each include aplurality of spaced apart lines.
 11. The document of claim 10, whereinthe first variable indicia and the second variable indicia arepositioned on the substrate such that the plurality of spaced apartlines alternate between the first variable indicia and the secondvariable indicia.
 12. The document of claim 1, wherein the firstvariable indicia and the second variable indicia are aligned such thatthe first variable indicia is positioned inside the second variableindicia.
 13. A redundantly printed security-enhanced documentcomprising: a substrate having a surface; printed variable indicia thatprovides variable information regarding the document, the printedvariable indicia comprising a first component color and a secondcomponent color that are printed on a common area of the substratesurface, each of the first and second component colors having agrayscale equivalent level greater than or equal to a measured grayscaleequivalent level of the substrate surface plus an additional contrastdelta of 15%, the first and second component colors being present so asto be printed in register to produce a common process color indicia, thecommon process color indicia having a grayscale equivalent level greaterthan or equal to the measured grayscale equivalent level of thesubstrate surface plus an additional contrast delta of 15%, such thatthe failure of the printing of one of the first and second componentcolors on the common area does not alter a meaning of the informationrepresented by the printed variable indicia on the redundantly printedsecurity-enhanced document.
 14. A redundantly printed security-enhanceddocument comprising: a substrate having a surface; printed variableindicia that provides variable information regarding the document, theprinted variable indicia comprising a plurality of component colorsprinted on a common area of the substrate surface, the component colorshaving a grayscale equivalent level greater than or equal to a measuredgrayscale equivalent level of the substrate surface plus an additionalcontrast delta of 15%, the component colors being present so as to beprinted in register to produce a common process color indicia, thecommon process color indicia having a grayscale equivalent level greaterthan or equal to the measured grayscale equivalent level of thesubstrate surface plus an additional contrast delta of 15%, such thatthe failure of the printing of one of the component colors on the commonarea does not alter a meaning of the information represented by theprinted variable indicia on the redundantly printed security-enhanceddocument.